Neural Tube Defects (NTDs)

A neural tube defect occurs early in fetal development when spinal cord, brain, or related structures do not form or grow properly.

NTD symptoms include physical problems (such as paralysis and urinary and bowel dysfunction), blindness, deafness, intellectual disabilities, and sometimes death.

The exact causes of NTDs remain unknown, but many factors, such as genetics and the fetal environment, play a role.

Spina bifida and anencephaly are the most common NTDs in the United States. Parents who have already had a child with an NTD have a slightly elevated risk of having a second child with an NTD.

NTDs are usually diagnosed during pregnancy, through laboratory or imaging tests.

Infants with NTDs may have other conditions, such as hydrocephalus or paralysis, which need treatment over time or later in life.

Surgery, assistive technology, and orthotics are just some of the treatments for NTDs and their complications.

NICHD conducts and supports research on NTDs and on ways to prevent and treat these disorders.

NICHD conducts and supports a variety of clinical research projects related to NTDs.

Find answers to other common questions about NTDs, such as how to prevent them.

Links to websites of groups that study or provide information about NTDs.